Combine folding, binding, lamination, coating or custom steps with setup time, unit time and unit cost.
A run can leave the press quickly and still miss its deadline in finishing. Each operation therefore separates setup minutes from per-piece seconds. For short quantities, setup can dominate; for long runs, the repeating unit time usually becomes the larger component.
Add operations in the order they actually occur and use measured or quoted rates. Folding, lamination, stitching and hand assembly can have different batch constraints, drying requirements and inspection points that are not captured by one generic throughput number.
The cost total is intentionally variable-cost oriented. If a vendor quote includes minimum charges, tooling, plates, dies or outsourced freight, record those in the costing or quote modules rather than hiding them inside a per-piece finishing rate.
Short press time does not guarantee a short job if binding, lamination or hand work is the bottleneck.
Setup cost is paid per run while unit time grows with quantity. The model shows both explicitly.
Unknown operations can be entered with measured or quoted rates rather than guessed defaults.